Plato's Apology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plato's Apology - Essay Example 1.2. Socrates’ technique was to move toward each known savvy man and meeting him so as to discover one more astute than him. In posing a progression of inquiries, he can find the speaker’s insight (21c) 1.3. Socrates found that when he tested every astute man with questions, he generally found an issue in his thoughts, which indicated him not more astute than Socrates (21d-e) 1.4. Socrates induced what the Delphic prophet implied by him being more shrewd than the other ‘wise men.’ â€Å"I am more astute than that other individual, in light of the fact that neither of us knows anything of incredible worth; yet he thinks he knows a thing when he doesn’t; while I neither know it indeed, nor believe that I do,† along these lines making him more shrewd in that solitary regard (21d). 2. Socrates’ protection: 2.1. Against the old allegations 2.1.1. Socrates was blamed for getting cash for instructing. While he denied it, he said that there is nothing disreputable about this (19e to 20a). 2.1.2. The allegation of being too curious †a â€Å"busybody† (19c) †Socrates essentially denied, and countered that his informers resented him since he exposed their absence of intelligence. 2.2. Against the new allegations (by Meletus) 2.2.1. On the charge that Socrates defiled the youthful, Socrates inquired as to whether he accepted the laws, the appointed authorities, the Councilors, the individuals in the Assembly, all added to the improvement of the youthful, Meletus addressed truly, and that solitary Socrates debased them (24e-25a). Socrates drew a corresponding with horse coaches, and indicated that typically, greater part of impacts would will in general be awful and the couple of good. This indicated Meletus charge isn't for the government assistance of the youthful, yet for his own disdain (25c). 2.2.2. On the charge that Socrates was a skeptic since he had faith in diving beings, Socrates called attention to this was a logical inconsistency in itself, since to have faith in mythical beings was to trust in God, and thusly he was unable to be an agnostic simultaneously (26a-27e). 3. At the point when Socrates proposed his own discipline, he originally contended that what he had done was to give a decent to other people, for which his discipline ought to really be some â€Å"benefit† (36d, for example, â€Å"free suppers in the Pryteneum† (37a). One may state that by such levity, Socrates was rewarding the whole issue inconsequentially; this is difficult to envision, notwithstanding, since he was a discerning and savvy man and could value the gravity of the circumstance and the reality of his enemies. One could just derive that he was as a rule ruthlessly fair and judicious in stating that he had the right to be compensated as opposed to rebuffed, for the great he had done to other people, and rewarding nobody unfairly (37b). 4. Socrates’ perspective on death is a gif t, not a wickedness (40c) and eternity must be one of two things †a non-presence, or change of the spirit to an alternate world. In the event that it were the primary, at that point the dead individual will have no mindfulness by any means, similar to a profound rest where the sleeper didn't dream, which is then â€Å"a sublime gain† (40d). On the off chance that passing were in this way, at that point Socrates would check it to be a most â€Å"agreeable† thing similar to a solitary night’s rest. Then again, on the off chance that demise were a change, at that point he considers it the best gift, to be freed of the bogus â€Å"jurors† who managed against him and rather be within the sight of the mythical beings and extraordinary men who lived honorable lives (41a). By so analyzing the potential outcomes of existence in the wake of death, Socrates can comfort his companions with his vision of death. He goes to meet demise as an extraordinary experienc e, or at any rate a tranquil rest. In this way, Socrates didn't fear demise, yet just considered it to be

Effects of Different Antibiotics on E.coli Growth

Impacts of Different Antibiotics on E.coli Growth The impacts of anti-toxins on the development of Escherichia coli have been found in a few examinations and some ongoing investigations have additionally centered around the resilience and decreased development levels in microscopic organisms to look at the atomic changes that permit, for example, change. E. Coli and hostile to microbial operators: In an examination by Dixon et al (2004), the antibacterial impacts of microcystin, which is, a cyanotoxin delivered by Microcystis aeruginosa have been talked about. Within the sight of microcystin, the inhibitory qualities for a scope of hydrophobic inhibitors were fundamentally decreased. Dixon and his associates contemplated the immediate impacts of suitable convergences of microcystin on the trustworthiness of bacterial internal and external films and found that the nearness of microcystin influences the penetrability levels of entero-bacterial external layers. Resilience to hostile to microbial operators in found in microscopic organisms, which shows a more slow development rate or which no more, duplicates. This is exceptionally basic in the E. coli microbes, which shows a diminished development rate subsequent to being presented to anti-toxins. In clinical contaminations microscopic organisms tend to increase gradually and expanded times of hostile to microbial chemotherapy are expected to kill these creatures and accomplish total fix. Hu and Coates (2005) utilized transposon mutagenesis to comprehend the sub-atomic premise of anti-microbial resilience. The creators screened 5000 Escherichia coli freaks to see decreases of kanamycin resilience in the late writing material stage and found that 4935 freaks had the option to develop to the late writing material stage. The freak KS639 was generally touchy to kanamycin. This assortment of freak demonstrated an expanded affectability to kanamycin and gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. F rom the information got it was seen that a freak lacking intergenic locales demonstrated diminished resilience to kanamycin. The investigations show that interegenic locales in the E coli might be answerable for hostile to microbial specialists. In an investigation that will in general look at the impacts of ciprofloxacin on E coli development, Lueng et al considered the impacts of the take-up and arrival of ciprofloxacin from a hydrophilic stent in an anti-toxin arrangement and the impacts of a ciprofloxacin stacked stent in hindering the development of E.coli adherence were tried. The creators submerged portions of (hydrophilic stent) HS in 5 ml of ciprofloxacin answers for 24 hours and ciprofloxacin stayed in arrangement measure decided the take-up by the HS. CHS (ciprofloxacin-stacked stent) was set in 5 ml of water for 24 hours and the discharged ciprofloxacin was estimated. CHS was put on culture plates with E coli and brooded and widths of the hindered zones were estimated. CHS 0.5 cm long was brooded in independent 5 ml E coli suspensions. This E coli was estimated and contrasted and control HS. The outcomes demonstrated that zonal hindrance to development of Escherichia coli was, relative to the centralization of ci profloxacin. As needs be the creators inferred that there was a free trade (take-up and arrival) of ciprofloxacin along a focus slope between the anti-infection arrangement and HS. CHS diminished the quantity of followed E coli, yet the impact was short-lived㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Strains of E. coli and Resistance to Antibiotics: Strains of Escherichia coli that are fit for tainting crude milk can show elevated protection from against microbial medications. The helplessness of E. coli that begins in milk and milk items, meat and a few anti-microbials, for example, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, cephalothin, neomycin and chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ampicillin and amikacin. The negligible restraint focuses were identified utilizing a standard small scale weakening technique. Babak et al (2004) expressed the need to distinguish bacterial strains that have procured possibly transmissible protection from against microbial medications. The examination by Babak and his associates separated two sorts of E coli strains, one that is defenseless to the unfavorable impacts of anti-infection agents and another that is impervious to hostile to microbial medications. There is a worldwide extension of bacterial protection from hostile to microbial specialists, for example, methicillin and vancomycin with the Staphylococcus aureus demonstrating expanded protection from methicillin and diminished affectability to vancomycin. The plague bacillus has a plasmid that is transferable to E. coli and has numerous anti-infection protections. Vancomycin safe enterococci are continually transmitted to safe life forms. These safe strains have been successfully concentrated by McCormick (1998) to outline the antimicrobial-safe bacterial pathogens. Escherichia coli was found in steers defecation and novobiocin was utilized in the confinement technique when tests of E coli were isolated in various events. This examination by Tutenel et al (2003) successfully interfaces the detachment of E. coli O157 tests utilizing the anti-infection novobiocin proposing the unfriendly impacts of anti-infection agents on bacterial development or endurance. In an ongoing report by Chartone-Souza et al (2005), an antibiotic medication platinum complex was blended which was seen as powerful as antibiotic medication itself in hindering bacterial development of E coli and in this specific examination two Escherichia coli delicate bacterial strains. This antibiotic medication complex is multiple times progressively strong that antibiotic medication against E Coli HB101/pBR322, a bacterial strain that has built up a protection from antibiotic medication. As indicated by Chartone-Souza and others their examination is critical given the way that emanant opposition strains of E coli have made it hard to treat bacterial diseases with antibiotic medication. End: From the examinations talked about above, we see two particular patterns of the impacts of anti-infection agents on the development of E. coli. Anti-toxins can grow progressively safe freak strains of microorganisms or can repress the development of a specific strain. Whatever the outcomes are, there have been various investigations that have validated the way that anti-infection agents have extensive unfriendly impacts of the development of E. coli and other bacterial strains.

The Changing World of Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Changing World of Work - Research Paper Example Over the most recent ten years, employments have been re-appropriated in enormous numbers and an emotional change has happened in the area and technique for work. Another key driver of the cutting edge and all the more significantly, the future age is decent variety in the working environment. The change of the world into a worldwide town has evacuated the social hindrances. An ever increasing number of individuals move to different nations consistently for studies, work or both. This has made society multicultural all in all and the working environment specifically. There is the decent variety old enough, sex, culture, language, ethnicity, religion and rank. These elements of assorted variety offer ascent to the assortment of points of view which are very advantageous for associations in the serious condition, and yet, likewise open the association to a great deal of dangers. A portion of the dangers incorporate prejudice and broken clashes among the workers though benefits incorpor ate bigger market esteem in view of a different populace of clients. Administrators have encountered a noteworthy increment in work obligations as they need to address the necessities of the clients as well as need to satisfy the expanded requests of representatives. As per (Heerden), examine reasons that youthful representatives on a very basic level search for three things in the changing universe of work. They are quickly examined underneath: 1. Open doors for learning and improvement: Young individuals look for employments where work would be testing, yet they need to be remunerated after succeeding. Proficient development at work is the greatest fascination for youthful activity searchers. Individuals need to serve in various positions and perform various jobs so as to increase most extreme experience. 2. Determination in an eminent association which would choose the vocation way: In request to keep representatives fulfilled and spurred for work, bosses need to impart their met hodologies to representatives and disclose to them how their procedures are predictable with the prerequisites of the business. Hence, representatives should be occupied with work for which the worker business compatibility is very basic. 3. Adaptability throughout everyday life: Having accomplished a better quality of living, one of the key needs of every single working individuals is to have expanded authority over their own and public activity. The customary 40 hr week that has been so for long is currently evolving. Individuals need the opportunity of obligation hours and bosses regularly have no issue except if the work is influenced. In today’s workplace, approaches to convey have modified a ton. The changing patterns sway numerous ventures and subsequently, the profession plans. An investigate the future: considering the previously mentioned inclinations of representatives in the workplace, the workplace later on would be all the more conforming to the employeesâ€℠¢ wants as it has before. Clearly an electronic framework would be expanded being used later on. In this manner, it bodes well to evaluate the future work conditions for representatives keeping the electronic framework into consideration.â

Effects of Immigration - Free Essay Example

1.1 Overview The dissertation aims to thoroughly investigate the main influencing factors that do inspire skilled manpower from Bangladesh to immigrate to other countries especially to first world countries. Simultaneously, the dissertation also purposes to identify, analyse and establish the significance of the ultimate impact of such migration on the country, notably on its business ventures. The economy of Bangladesh is highly dependent on the export of human resources and foreign exchange associated with their remittance. However, there has been a significant change in the global labour market in recent times due to a demand for skilled and educated manpower, which is why Bangladesh is now facing stiff competition from new entrants such as Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal in this traditional market. While Bangladesh government is trying to create skilled workers and export them, highly skilled professionals are now with the changed scenarios migrating in groups leaving their positions vacant, which is a great concern for the government. Due to such migration, government of Bangladesh as well as private organizations are lacking sufficient and trained high-skilled professionals to fulfil their vacant positions and ultimately suffering from mismanagement. As is the scenario, Bangladesh is a third-world country located in the South Asia, where almost half of the population lives under the extreme poverty line announced by the UN. Being a poor and over populated country, the country is now only a developing one and modern civic facilities here in this country are therefore almost absent or insufficient. The country badly lacks in providing most basic needs such as food, housing and treatment and let alone education, security, and welfare. In spite of remarkable growth in the GDP, per capita income is only about $300 in the country. Besides, with the social disorder, political unrest and ever increasing violence in the society, only a few people have real wish to live here. Above all, environmental threat such as desertification, sea-level rise, seasonal change and natural disasters etc. add up fuel in them to jump off the country. It is warned that if the continual rise in the world-temperature carries on, almost a-third of the country will go under water with the rise in the sea-level by 2040. Eventually, citizens of all walks of the country are migration-oriented and each year, a lot of people shift themselves to the richer countries in order to avail themselves of the economic and social opportunities. However, many others migrate to be with their family members who have already migrated to other countries. Education, being another reason for leaving country, is also responsible for international migration as once students go abroad to pursue their studies, they ultimately settle there and do not bother to return. However, these migrations have a huge impact on the country especially on its smooth supply of killed workforce in a number of sectors due to deserting many positions all on a sudden. Eventually, different sectors suffer much lacking proper manpower. It is a fact that in Bangladesh, there are about 150 millions of people, but no right people in the right place due the shortage of proper training and f requent migration. 1.2 Rationale In their election manifesto, one of the two largest political parties, Bangladesh Awami League, clearly announced that short, medium and long term plans will be made and implemented for poverty reduction, efficient management for quick industrialization that can provide employment, speedy expansion of stock market, maintenance of law order and discipline, elimination of bribe and corruption and administrative difficulties, avoidance of political influence, creation of an investment friendly environment and a competitive market system, adoption of innovative technology, and provision of infrastructural facilities that are able to attract entrepreneurs and expand domestic market. In order to encourage investment by local and foreign entrepreneurs and expatriate Bangladeshis, the ONE-STOP facility will be made effective by simplifying legal and procedural formalities. Measures will be put in place to protect indigenous industries. Development of IT industry, strengthening of RMG and textile sectors and expansion of food processing, pharmaceuticals, leather, chemical products, toys, jewellery and furniture industries will be given priority. Special initiative will be taken for alternative use of jute and to make jute industry viable. Small and handicraft industries and agro-based industry will be encouraged and will be given all cooperation in the expansion of markets at home and abroad. Expansion in tourism sector, increase in labour export, and investment of remittance received from expatriate Bangladeshis in productive sectors will be ensured. All above targets and project implementations need sufficiently skilled, highly educated and experienced workforce. However, once the present government started implementation procedure, they have been facing the problem of not having the right people in the right place in almost all sectors due to frequent migration which is why both the government and private organizations are now looking into the rationale of the frequent migrations of their employees that has been affecting their targets terribly. According to Office for National Statistics (UK) report on International Migration, Bangladesh, being one of the smallest countries in the world, is one of the top 10 countries of migrants (Source: Table C(ii): Top 10 countries of last of next residence of migrants who are non-British citizens, IPS only, 20052006 combined). Therefore, it is indeed justified to study the reasons of skilled peoples immigration from Bangladesh and its effects and aftereffects on organizations while they are recruiting senior especially officials for project implementation. 1.3 The Research Questions The basic aims of the research questions are establish motivating factors that lead thousands of people over the world leave their homeland every year to journey to the other countries from their countries of origins. They simultaneously aim at establishing the deep-rooted impacts of such migration on companies, organizations and recruiters in their recruitment leaving long-term significance on the country. They research questions are stated below. 1. Do Bangladeshi people leave their native country? The very first question aims to establish a general trend among Bangladeshi people i.e. skilled workforce starting from forecast to find out its way to accumulate more obvious secondary data to be processed based on other primary and secondary data found in the relevant field. 2. Why do they plan to leave their native country? The second question aims to establish typical reasons for Bangladeshi skilled employees to leave their jobs and migrate to other countries. It also aims to organize the factors sequentially from more obvious to less determining the burning issues with employees working in the country. 3. What factors lead skilled and educated employees to plan their migrations? The third question is a less general one concentrating on only educated and skilled employees to demonstrate their motivational factors to migration to a different country. 4. How does it impact recruitment process? The final question is the core one that will seek out to demonstrate all positive and negative impacts of such migration on the recruitment process as well as the country. It will determine the impacts that skilled-workers migrations can cause and will be mostly answered using processed data supplied by different agencies, organizations and recruiters. Firstly, all primary data from individuals will help us here to identify the relevant respondents perspectives and then finally secondary data will assist them to intensify. Hypothesis The hypotheses for the dissertation are as follows. H 1. A lot of Bangladeshi people migrate from their country. H 2. Mostly skilled and educated people are migrating from the country. H 3. Employed people who are not satisfied with their salaries and/or other opportunities are migrating. H 4. Those skilled employees are migrating to developed 1st world countries that beckon better facilities. H 5. The majority of the migrating people are deserting their positions in Bangladesh. H 6. This migration is affecting the recruitment process in Bangladeshi a lot. 1.4 Definition of Related Terms In the very beginning of the discussion, it is really important to define the terms that are embedded in the topic. As we see in the topic, the words migration, employees, employers and recruitment as well as their related terms are to be defined for better presentation. It is to be noted that the terms are sometimes replaced by their synonyms which are given below just after their definitions. 1.5.1 Migration: Different organizations have defined the word in various ways. According to the United Nations, it is simply a transfer lasting more than one year (Anna Karenina: The Brain-drain in Lithuania, p10). However, there are more appropriate definitions of the word are found which are appended below. The web-based definitions of the word are (https://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=migration) (n) migration (the movement of persons from one country or locality to another) (n) migration (a group of people migrating together [especially in some given time period]) (n) migration ((chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule) S: (n) migration (the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding) Again, online thesaurus defines it like the following (https://www.thefreedictionary.com/migration: Noun1. migration the movement of persons from one country or locality to another Related terms: emigration, out-migration, expatriation migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another) immigration, in-migration migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) movement, move, motion the act of changing location from one place to another; police controlled the motion of the crowd; the movement of people from the farms to the cities; his move put him directly in my path 2. migration a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period) people (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively; old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience The synonyms of the word are immigration, wandering, journey, voyage, travel, movement, shift, trek, emigration, roving, and expatriation. One of the commonest definitions of the word is as follows. Migration: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another (https://www.wordreference.com/definition/migration) What migration refers, however, can be divided into two types. One is emigration and the other immigration. Emigration typically refers to the process of people leaving a nation (Adler and Gielen) . On the other hand, immigration is the process that involves people entering and settling in a country or region to which one is not native (The Free Dictionary) . Secondly, employees refer to the persons involved in doing any job or paid work under any authority. The term employee is defined as a worker who is hired to perform a job (wordnetweb) while an employer is a person or firm that employs workers (wordnetweb) . Finally, the term recruitment refers to the process of screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm, or for a vacancy or the process or art of finding candidates for a post in an organization, or of recruits for the armed forces . External recruitment is the process of attracting and selecting employees from outside the organization. 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The main objective of the dissertation is to examine the overall status of international migration of skilled people from Bangladesh. Simultaneously, it aims at examining the influences on recruitment process due to such migration. 2. Introduction to Literature Review It is a fact that literature review is one of the most important components of any research being undertaken. The basic aim of the review is to spot or identify the current status or state of the investigation in relevant field. It also facilitates the facts and findings of others working in the same field by providing some invaluable background information and statistics. 2.1 Brief History of Migration in Bangladesh In this globalized world, the annual growth rate of the global migration increased from 1.2 per cent in 1965-1975 to 3 per cent in early 2000 (Abella, 2002). The increase in the movement of workers is indicative of increased employment opportunity in the global market. One and the same, since its inception in 1971, from Bangladesh, one of the major emigrating countries in the world, migration has enabled many people to obtain productive, fulfilling and creative work. However, for many others, it has failed to provide jobs of acceptable quality. Yet, each year a large number of people voluntarily migrate overseas for both long- and short-term employment. The earliest immigrants from the British-ruled Indian province of Bengal arrived in first-world countries during the late nineteenth century. They accompanied a small number of retired British Indian officers as either servants or workmen. During the independence of India in 1947, the old Bengal was split, and its Muslim-dominated eastern part became East Pakistan and following a struggle for independence Bangladesh separated from Pakistan in 1971. Despite political independence, and development of a clothes and textiles industry, Bangladeshis experienced a low standard of living which is why people started to seek a better life elsewhere. Thus the trend to immigrate among Bangladeshis started since the inception of the country. During the independence war, the operation of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan in 1971 caused an estimated 8 to 10 million refugees to cross the border into India in one of the great mass movements of modern times. Apart from the above, since 80s educated youth, skilled workers and executives, and unskilled workers have been migrating from the country in regular basis, mainly migrated to the Middle East and other regions. Additionally, Bangladesh have also lost some highly skilled members of the work force to Western Europe and North America. As time has progressed, the country experienced more migration of skilled employees to somewhere. During the past year, 370,000 Bangladeshis have found employment in Malaysia. It has been learnt that a further 100,000 may also be able to go within this year. This recent Reuters article places most Bangladeshi migrant workers in the Middle East, US, UK, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore (The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008). In fact, migration to other developing countries is more prevalent than it is thought. Mr. Dilip Ratha and William Shaw have estimated in a World Bank Working Paper taking Bangladesh and India for example that Bilateral migration data estimates show 50 million skilled people born in Bangladesh live in outside. The New Nation reported recently that some 370,000 Bangladeshis have found employment in Malaysia and about 100,000 are expected to join them this year. Increasingly, immigration policies of developed countries tend to favour the entry of skilled workers, raising substantial concerns among sending countries. Among many others, the first concern is that a higher skilled content of migration is found to be associated with a lower flow of remittances and second, there is little evidence suggesting that raising the skill composition of migration has a positive effect on the educational achievements in the home country. 2.2 Number of Migrants Located in the north-eastern part of South Asia, Bangladesh lies between 2034 and 2636 north latitude and 8801 and 92 41 east longitudes. These picturesque geographical boundaries frame a low lying plain of about 1,47,570 sq. km criss-crossed by innumerable rivers and streams having population of about 120 million which makes it the eighth populous country of the world. As is stated before, the country is has been experiencing emigrated people since its inception and the rates of the university-educated peoples immigration tend to be higher than for the general population in developing countries. This is even greater for scientists, engineers, and members of the medical profession.In South Asia, the tertiary-educated peoples emigration rate from the region is more than 100 times greater than primary or secondary educated people. In 2005, total stock of emigration from Bangladesh was 4,885,704, which was 3.4% percent of the population. Among all emigrating countries in the world, the country placed 5th in that year, whereas in the year 2000, it was not in the top 10 list of tertiary educated emigration list. 2.3 Top Destinations In 2005, by a rough estimate, two of every five migrants on the globe were residing in a developing country. Most of these migrants are likely to have come from other developing countries. The extent and issues surrounding migration between developing countries, however, remain poorly understood, largely because data on migration in developing countries are incomplete and unreliable. However, as far as the destination is concern, Bangladeshi emigrants have been regularly emigrated to a selected list of countries. According to siteresources.worldbank.org, the 10 top destination countries of Bangladeshi emigrants in 2005 were India, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, United States, Oman, Italy, Canada, Singapore, Rep. of Korea, and Malaysia. However, the UN Population Division differs a bit. As per them, the top Immigration Countries are the US, Russia, Germany, Ukraine, France, Saudi Arabia, Canada, India, U.K., Spain, Australia, Pakistan, U.A.E, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cote dIvoire, Jo rdan, Japan, Iran, Singapore, West Bank Gaza, Ghana, Kuwait, Switzerland, Malaysia, Netherlands, Argentina, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. The following bar graph shows the details relating to those counties immigration pattern in 2005. 3. Introduction to Methodology: In order to provide a complete up-to-date analysis, both secondary and primary researches were carried out. A variety of methods were considered to find the most suitable ones collecting the specific types of data. 3.1 Secondary Research: Secondary research normally denotes an activity whereby no new original data is collected but where the research project draws an existing sources alone. Secondary data can be seen as books, journals, statistical reports from government and other document . In order to access relevant data, it was essential to use a variety of different sources of information. Majority of time was spent in learning resource centre at Thames Valley University where possible to gain access not only to textbooks, but also to a variety of magazines, journals and online databases. Very useful were search engines like EBOSCOhost and Emerald, which can pull information from a range of academic sources. Some time was also spent in Ealing Library browsing through additional text. A vast amount of articles found was Bangladeshi Language; therefore a fair amount of time was spent on translation of those texts. 3.2 Primary Research: The aim of the primary research is to seek the answer to one the key questions of this dissertation; What are the main factors/motivators affecting the decision of highly skilled labour to migrate form Bangladesh? It is very important to select the most adequate and reliable primary data collection methods. Various ways of collecting data will be discussed in this chapter as well as why have been chosen or declined or specific information collection. Primary research generally refers to that research which involves the collection of original data using an accepted research methodology. 3.2.1 Types of Research: There are two different types of research: qualitative and quantitative. Therefore, first of all it is important to make distinction between these two types of research methods. According to Clarck, Riley, Wilkie and Wood (2003) qualitative techniques rely on the skills of the researcher as an interviewer in gathering data whereas quantities methods place reliance upon the research instruments employed to gather data and analyse it. According to Jennings (2001) qualitative data is based on textual representations of the phenomenon under study, often referred to as phenomenological approach. Qualitative or inductive research commences in the empirical social world, where data about the phenomenon are gathered, and then analysed and theoretical constructions are generated. Research that utilise a qualitative methodology draws on data collection methods such as participant observations, in-depth interviews, semi structured interviews, case studies and focus groups. Veal (1992) argues that data could also be collected through informal interviewing as well as in depth interviews. Qualitative research enables researcher to highlight detailed and in depth snapshots of the participants under study. Quantitative research is grounded in the positivists social science paradigm that primary reflects the scientific method of the natural science. The quantitative approach to research usually involves statistical analysis. The data can be derived from questionnaire survey, observation or from secondary sources . The main quantitative methods for gathering data are: Questionnaires Non-participant observation Surveys Veal (1992) believes that these two approaches complement each other and even that qualitative research should be based on initial qualitative work. Webster, Stephen, Marshall and William (2004) also argue that the contrasting nature of positivism and phenomenological approaches can be used to complement each other. The feasibility of these statements can be backed up with the mixed method approach discussed by Jennings (2002), who states that this type of research is often used to gather information on the tourism phenomenon, which in some extent is migration process. 3.2.2 Data Gathering Methods: 3.2.2.1 Case Studies: Case studies are a complex research activity, which involves the through analysis of a single unit- a person, or a company. However, this method does not allow the researcher to apply theory developed to other similar cases. 3.2.2.2 Interviews: Interviews have been likened to conversations they are merely one of the many ways in which two people talk to one another . There are major advantages to using to using interviews. Researcher can collect more information and more complex information, response rate is generally very good and can use recording equipment. Also, interviewer can take a note of body language, gestures or facial expression of the interviewee . However interviews can be difficult to arrange, might be time consuming and quite costly. There is a range of interview types that can be applied when gathering information. Understand or in depth interviews are those interview where there is no formal schedule. The interviewer has the idea about the issues and might have a list of relevant topics and these are merely used as a guide . Main disadvantage about using those types of interviews is that they come up as a bit of a challenge. Interviewer has to be experienced and leas the conversation in order to gather relevant data. Veal (1992) mentions that in order to conduct a good in depth interview researcher has to have the skills of a good investigate journalist. For those who do not posses such skills, semis-structured interviews might be another option. According to Jennnings(2001) semi-structured interviews can be used by both qualitative methodologies. Those interviews still remain in the way of conversation type; however the interviewer has a prompt list of issues that focus the interaction. The main advantages of such interview are that the questions are not specifically predetermined; therefore the researcher is still able to ask further clarification on the particular issue . Also the semi-structured schedule provides a more relaxed interview setting. Due to a nature of the topic, an interview was not chosen as a method of gathering primary data. In order to complete the research many opinions have to be gathered and that can not be possibly done using interview method. Also, because the research country is quite a bit away from the UK, it would be vary difficult to match times with every interviewee and also very costly (air-ticket, accommodation, food, etc). 3.2.2.3 Focus Groups: Instead of interviewing participants individually, study participants individually, study participants are interviewed together . According to Veal (1992) groups usually comprises between 5 and 12 people. According to Jennings (2001) focus groups are used when the researcher believes that the interaction between group members will add to the richness of data collected. The main advantage of focus groups lies in the possibility between people, generation of new by the participants and the degree of flexibility to follow trends or issues. However, same as in depth interviews focus groups require an experienced facilitator to lead the discussion otherwise it may result in stronger personalities dominating the session. It was mostly the lack of experience that drove the decision of not using focus groups approach as the method for gathering information. 3.2.2.4 Observation: Observation can be participant or not participant, in either way researcher is observing the surroundings around him. In participant observation researcher becomes a participant in the process that is being studied. A participant observation raises a number of problems such as admittance to the particular site of observation and when admitted the way researcher should handle the activity . In the case participant observation is not realistic option because of the nature of research topic. Furthermore, non participant observation is not possible as the subject is not related for example to the length of the queue for breakfast, but requires educated population opinion and attitude. 3.2.2.5 Surveys: Surveys generally ask who, what, how many, or where. They tend to include relatively large samples and wide fields of study, often using questionnaire or standardise interviews. Surveys provide a good what to summarize the status of large group of individuals, companies, etc. (Johns and Lee-Ross, 1998-58) According to Jennings (2001) surveys are methods of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning. Surveys may also include self-completed questionnaires administered by post, e-mail or in person as well as structured interviews carried out in person or over the telephone. Surveys completed in person can use interviewer completed questionnaires as the tool to gather information. Mail or email surveys use questionnaires to gather data. Pilot surveys, which are small trail runs of a larger survey, are often carried to try our wording of questions, the understanding of terms used, to test sequencing of questions and to gain a preliminary estimate of the likely response rate. A pilot is a simple way of testing whether the articulation of the method(s) selected for use in a research programme is adequate to meeting research objectives. (Clark, Riley, Wilkie and Wood,2003) 3.2.2.6 Questionnaires: Questionnaires rely quite heavily on respondents being literate or familiar with the language used in questionnaire . Questionnaires can be used only when respondents are available and willing to participate as research subjects. The main advantages of using questionnaires are: Can cover a large number of people Relatively cheap Avoids respondents embarrassment Possible anonymity of respondent No interview bias When using questionnaires to perform primary data collection it is very important to remember some major disadvantages of using that method. First of it is very difficult to design a perfect questionnaire from a very first time. Bell (1992) suggests that producing a really good questionnaire is harder than it might be imagined. Another problem with questionnaire is regarding the actual questions itself, which have to be relatively simple. The advantage of questionnaire being anonymous can bring also a disadvantage of not being able offer assistance if needed. The major advantage to use questionnaires is that the reliability and validity of data collected depend upon respondents memories and forthrightness . Generally questionnaires are used when the researcher is specific on the subjects of the investigation; the research is covering a relatively large number of people gathering facts or opinions; or when the researcher is trying to establish the extent of something . Special data processing is often needed because of the considerable amount of missing data or simply to evaluate data received and present it in graphs/charts . Questionnaires may be self employed or interviewer completed. The interviewer completed questionnaires give an opportunity for face to face interaction, which can contribute to increased participation; it can also bring it clarification sought by the respondent regarding language problems or terms used . However, that sort of activity would involve high travel cost and tends to be rather time consuming, as well as refuses the possibility of anonymity. Whereas self completed questionnaires at their own time peace. On contrary, respondents are not able to seek assistance or clarification on the questions if needed. Respondents may not understand the language of the questionnaire and therefore it may result in questionnaire being partly completed or non-completed at all, which would lower the response rate . For this particular research it was decided to develop a structured questionnaire and take survey as many emigrate from Bangladesh as possible. In total target are 200 interviews; participation from emigrate person from Bangladesh in this survey via email, face to face interview. 3.2.3 Sampling: Sampling is a process that involves the selection of some members of the larger population . In most survey research and some observational research it is necessary to sample. Usually sampling approach is used where research is concerned with a very wide group of population . Clark, Riley, Wilkie and Wood (2003) suggest that samples are frequently studied in order to learn something about the characteristics of the larger groups of which they are part. Sampling can be random and non-random. The key feature of non-random sampling is that items for research are chosen not randomly but purposively . Random sampling is a sampling technique where a group of subjects for a study is selected by the researcher from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by a chance and each member of the population has a chance of being included in the sample . In the non-random sampling, the members of the population do not have the same chance of being selected. Random sampling can be split into three types: simple random sampling (SRS), stratified sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling. SRS is the selection of elements from population where each element in that population has an equal of elements from population where each element in that population has an equal chance to actually being selected . It is usually used smaller numbers of people, very tedious and time consuming for large sample. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each sub group of a population . According to Clark, Reily, Wilikie and Wood (2003) the objective of stratified sampling is to ensure that the sample drawn is as representative as possible of the population under study. Systematic or sometimes so called quasi-random sampling method is not wholly random. Only the first item selected from population is random, thereafter subsequent selections are related systematically to the first. Cluster sampling or clustering is a technique often used when a large geographical area is at the heart of the sampling requirement . It is also used when a random sample would produce a list of subject so widely scattered that surveying them would prove to be far too expensive. This sampling technique may well be more practical and economical than simple random sampling or stratified sampling. For this particular research, sampling has been simplified to non random sample where an author has chosen only emigrated person from Bangladesh to UK. Therefore the participants have been chosen on purpose for that specific reason of the survey. Such way of sampling can be called convenience sampling, where the sample comprises of subjects who are simply available in a convenient way to the researcher . On the other hand the main disadvantage of such a technique is that the researcher does not have a full idea how representative the information collected about the sample is to the population as a whole. However the information could still provide some fairly significant insights and be a good source of data. Nevertheless, sample did not depend on one particular area; in that case it is possible to state the sample was random, emigrate person have been chosen from various location in the UK. 3.2.3.1 Population: To draw up any conclusion from the particular research made, it is essential beforehand to specify the population and the sample for the particular research. A population is any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things from which researcher may collect data. It is the entire group that surveyor is interested in, which he/she wishes to describe or draw conclusions about. (www.stats.gla.ac.uk.2009). The population for this research is considered to be all Bangladeshi emigrate person at various city from UK. Participants of survey will be emigrate Bangladeshi at UK, whose visa status in the UK student, work permit holder, spouse, converted citizen, asylum seekers, etc. 3.2.3.1 Sample: A sample is a sub group of selected respondents derived from the target population (https://knowledge-base.supersurvey.com/glossary.htm.2009), that researcher will actually in order to gather information (https://score.kings.k12.ca.us/lessons/wwwstarts/population.htm.2009). There will be 200 questionnaires send out to emigrate Bangladeshi, however not all of the recipients have completed the questionnaire. Therefore the sample is comprised of - (no of) forms that have been returned to the researcher in fully completed status. According to Home Office-Research Development Statistics 9930 person admitted in the UK on various visa status. 3.2.4 Reliability Validity: Reliability and validity are two twins on which good research lies (Eachus,no date). According to Gumesson (1991), a method is reliable when: two or more researcher studying the same phenomenon with similar purposes reach, approximately the same result. 3.2.4.1 Reliability: Hammersley (1992:67) states that reliability : Refers to the degree of consistency with which instances are assigned to the same category by different observers or by the same observer on different occasions. Clark, Riley, Wilkie and Wood (2003) suggest that reliability is concerned with peoples behaviour and their attitudes; therefore the data gathered by the researcher is reliant on peoples responses, which may vary after a period if time . Considering reliability for this particular research it is possible to mention that interviews and questionnaires took place in the same month, therefore avoiding the time gap between the researches. However, when it comes to questionnaires, the idea of self-completed forms needs to be mentioned. The information provide by the respondents might be misleading because of the issue of self-categorization. The answer given by the respondent at that time may change within the period due to the nature of different attitudes and peoples perceptions. The reliability issue was taken in mind when planning, implementing and analysing questionnaires. Pilot questionnaire were issued to test the wording of questions, understanding of the language, knowledge of terms used in the survey and general attitude of employees towards the questionnaire of such a type. 3.2.4.2 Validity: Validity is the extent to which research findings would be the same if the research to be repeated later within different sample . Hammersley (1990) refers to the validity as to the truth and interprets it as the extent to which an account accurately represents the social phenomena to which it refers. Mason (1996) suggests that validity address whether the item measure or explains what it is supposed to measure or explain. Polgar and Thomas (1995) suggest that when evaluating validity two questions are often asked: 1) Can the results of an investigation be generalised to other samples or situations? (External Validity) 2) How far does the researchers presence influence the generation of the data? The interview situation is not always conducive to thoughtful responses, because respondents may tend to give answer which they believe will please the interviewer. On the other hand, questionnaires would give different answers, since data gathers information from individuals about their attitudes, behaviour and characteristics .

Police Brutality A High Speed Chase By A Black Male By...

Logan Casem Professor Kriesel English 1A 4 April 2015 Police Brutality On March 3rd, 1991, Los Angeles police officers were led on a high-speed chase by a black male by the name of Rodney King. King was engaged in a high-speed pursuit after California Highway Patrol officers noticed him speeding on the freeway. After stopping King and the other occupants in the car, King was removed from the vehicle to be beaten and arrested by officers in a famous video recorded by George Holliday that eventually aired on national news. This incident of police brutality sparked the Los Angeles Riots of 1992 as well as smaller riots in other cities in America and raised national awareness of police brutality. Even though it has occurred since the late 1800’s with poor or striking workers, the Rodney King incident introduced police brutality to many Americans. 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A Portrait Of A Killer - 1042 Words

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Project Scope Statement Management Phases

Question: Discuss about the Project Scope Statement for Management Phases. Answer: Project Description The project aims at the re-design and renovation of the three bedroom house. The house is currently in a bad shape and there are a number of tasks which will be included in the project activities associated with flooring, cleaning, repairing and painting of the house. The surroundings will also be assessed to determine the necessary modifications that can be done to convert the house in the living entity. Project Goal The goal of the project is to convert the three bedroom house in an excellent living entity. Project Objectives To re-design the three bedroom house in terms of flooring and painting. To complete the cleaning and repair work necessary in the three bedroom house To modify the surroundings of the house in terms of parking space and the open area included in the house. Project Scope Project Scope includes all those activities that will be covered during the project timeline (Scope Management, 2016). In Scope The project will cover the construction design that will be followed to re-design the three bedroom house. An environment study will also be carried out to determine the surroundings and the area of the three bedroom house. Risk assessment will also be done to determine all the activities that can go wrong in the project timeline. Quality checks will also be done to make sure that the project activities take place as per the requirements that have been provided. Out of Scope All the dealings and negotiations with the third parties will not be covered during the project. Any cancellations from the end of the suppliers and third party vendors will not be covered during the project timeline by the project team. Project Deliverables Project plan including the budget and schedule Risk Management Plan Quality Reports Project Closure Report Project Stakeholders Owner Roles and Requirements in the project Project Sponsor Meetings with the project manager to provide all the requirement specifications Funding of the project Project Manager Creation and submission of the project plan Review of all the project activities Assignment of roles and responsibilities Chief Financial Officer Project budgeting Project Leader Assessment of the construction site and management and control of all the activities at the site Chief Contractor Site preparation, parking, fencing Chief Architect Council Approval Site Inspection Cleaning Team Cleaning of the three bedroom house and the surroundings for parking and garden area Painting Team Painting of all the rooms and outside space Repair Team Fittings Repair work required in the project Flooring activities Project Life Cycle Activities and Phases There are a number of phases that will be followed in the life cycle of the project: Initiation and Planning Phase A feasibility study will be conducted to assess whether the project can be completed with success or not. A project charter document will also be created in this phase. The planning will include the project plan to determine the project budget and project schedule (Itbusinessedge, 2016). Analysis Phase The construction site will be examined to understand the specific requirements of the bedroom house and the surrounding areas. The requirement specifications will also be analyzed for determining the cleaning, flooring, fencing, painting and repairing requirements (Pathak, 2016). Execution Phase The actual execution will be done for the repair and re-design of the bedroom house. Cleaning and flooring activities will be performed followed by fittings and repair. Painting and fencing will be done thereafter. Testing Phase Quality checks will be done by the quality officer to test the progress of the project and the adherence to the requirements set provided by the sponsor. Closure Phase The phase will include the closure and completion of the project by performing final checks and providing the project closure report. Risk Management Plan Risk is an event that marks all that can go wrong during project timelines. These are the occurrences that are potential and probable to the project and will result in negative impact (Risk Management, 2016). Risk Management Strategy Risk Identification: This is the phase in which the risks will be identified on the basis of the various factors such as location of the three bedroom house, resources involved, budget allocated and many more. Risk Analysis: The risks that have been identified will be analyzed in this phase to determine the likelihood and impact of the risks. Risk Evaluation: The risks will then be evaluated to decide whether that can be accepted or are non-acceptable in nature. Risk Treatment: The actual treatment of the risks will be done to decide whether the same shall be avoided, mitigated, transferred or shared (Heinz-Peter Berg, 2016). Risk Register Risk Responsibility Potential Causes Potential Responses Severity Scope Creep Project Leader and Project Manager Changes in the customer expectations Project Requirements Specification and Project Plan Critical Schedule Overrun Project Manager and Project Leader A lot of re-work and mismanagement in the schedule Schedule checks along with the internal and external team meetings Critical Non-adherence to the customers requirement Project Manager A lot of re-work and mismanagement in the schedule Schedule checks along with the internal and external team meetings High Budget Overrun Chief Financial Officer, Project Manager A lot of re-work and mismanagement in the schedule Progress checks along with the internal and external team meetings Critical Environmental Risks Project Manager and the teams Climatic conditions and sudden inflations in the same Assessment of the environmental conditions well in advance and also record the same on the daily basis High Value of Project Charter Project Charter is an important document that is created in the project initiation phase that includes the essence of the project along with the key stakeholders and team. It is a formal document that authorizes the Project Manager to go ahead with the project activities. It is submitted to the Project Sponsor by the Project Manager and the same authorizes this document. There are also a number of other sections that are included in the project charter document such as reasons for undertaking the project, objectives of the project, constraints that are associated with the project, high level project requirements and the scope of the project. Budget summery, schedule summary and risk estimation is also included in the project charter document. This document provides highlight of the project and all of its activities. References Archibald, R. (2016). The Six-Phase Comprehensive Project Life Cycle Model Including the Project Incubation/Feasibility Phase and the Post-Project Evaluation Phase. Retrieved 27 August 2016, from https://www.iil.com/downloads/Archibald_Di_Filippo_ComprehensivePLCModel_FINAL.pdf Heinz-Peter Berg,. (2016). RISK MANAGEMENT: PROCEDURES, METHODS AND EXPERIENCES. Retrieved 27 August 2016, from https://ww.gnedenko-forum.org/Journal/2010/022010/RTA_2_2010-09.pdf Itbusinessedge,. (2016). PMBOK's Five-Phase Project Lifecyle: An Overview - Slide 2 | ITBusinessEdge.com. Itbusinessedge.com. Retrieved 27 August 2016, from https://www.itbusinessedge.com/slideshows/show.aspx?c=78357slide=2 Pathak, R. (2016). Top 5 Project Mqnagement Phases. Project-management.com. Retrieved 27 August 2016, from https://project-management.com/top-5-project-management-phases/ Risk Management,. (2016). Risk Management Plan. Retrieved 27 August 2016, from https://www.phe.gov/about/amcg/contracts/Documents/risk-management.pdf Scope Management,. (2016). Scope Management. Retrieved 27 August 2016, from https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/searchSoftwareQuality/downloads/Software_Project_Manager_Agility_CH05.pdf